diff --git a/.github/workflows/__bundle-toolcache.yml b/.github/workflows/__bundle-toolcache.yml
index 9cc983a84..d12aeb6e7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/__bundle-toolcache.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/__bundle-toolcache.yml
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
       - id: init
         uses: ./../action/init
         with:
-          languages: javascript
+          languages: javascript,python
           tools: ${{ steps.prepare-test.outputs.tools-url }}
       - uses: ./../action/analyze
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/__per-language-bundle-validation.yml b/.github/workflows/__per-language-bundle-validation.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea900a9e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/__per-language-bundle-validation.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# Warning: This file is generated automatically, and should not be modified.
+# Instead, please modify the template in the pr-checks directory and run:
+#     pr-checks/sync.sh
+# to regenerate this file.
+
+name: PR Check - Per-language bundles
+env:
+  GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+  GO111MODULE: auto
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - releases/v*
+  pull_request: {}
+  merge_group:
+    types:
+      - checks_requested
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 5 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs: {}
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs: {}
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+concurrency:
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' || false }}
+  group: per-language-bundle-validation-${{github.ref}}
+jobs:
+  per-language-bundle-validation:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - language: actions
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+            expected-extractors: actions javascript
+          - language: cpp
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+            build-mode: manual
+            build-command: gcc -o main main.c
+          - language: csharp
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+            build-mode: none
+          - language: go
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+            build-mode: autobuild
+          - language: java
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+            build-mode: none
+          - language: javascript
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+          - language: python
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+          - language: ruby
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+          - language: rust
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            version: nightly-latest
+          - language: swift
+            os: macos-latest-xlarge
+            version: nightly-latest
+            build-mode: autobuild
+    name: Per-language bundles
+    if: github.triggering_actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      security-events: read
+    timeout-minutes: 45
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Check out repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+      - name: Prepare test
+        id: prepare-test
+        uses: ./.github/actions/prepare-test
+        with:
+          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
+          use-all-platform-bundle: 'false'
+          setup-kotlin: 'true'
+      - uses: ./../action/init
+        id: init
+        with:
+          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
+          build-mode: ${{ matrix['build-mode'] }}
+          tools: ${{ steps.prepare-test.outputs.tools-url }}
+      - name: Check that the bundle contains only the expected extractors
+        env:
+          CODEQL_PATH: ${{ steps.init.outputs.codeql-path }}
+          LANGUAGE: ${{ matrix.language }}
+          EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS: ${{ matrix['expected-extractors'] || matrix.language }}
+        run: |
+          extractors="$("$CODEQL_PATH" resolve languages --format=json | jq -r 'keys[]')"
+          echo "Extractors in the bundle:"
+          echo "$extractors"
+          echo "Expected: $EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS"
+
+          for expected in $EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS; do
+            if ! echo "$extractors" | grep -qx "$expected"; then
+              echo "::error::The ${LANGUAGE} bundle does not contain the ${expected} extractor."
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          done
+
+          # If the bundle contained extractors beyond those the language needs, then it would not
+          # have been trimmed, and this job would be silently validating the combined bundle.
+          for other in actions cpp csharp go java javascript python ruby rust swift; do
+            if echo "$EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS" | grep -qw "$other"; then
+              continue
+            fi
+            if echo "$extractors" | grep -qx "$other"; then
+              echo "::error::The ${LANGUAGE} bundle also contains the ${other} extractor, so it is not trimmed."
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          done
+      - name: Check that the bundle was not added to the toolcache
+        env:
+          CODEQL_PATH: ${{ steps.init.outputs.codeql-path }}
+        run: |
+          # A bundle that is missing most of its extractors must never be left in the toolcache,
+          # where a later job analyzing a different language could pick it up. The runner image
+          # ships with its own CodeQL in the toolcache, so check where this bundle was extracted to
+          # rather than whether the toolcache contains CodeQL at all.
+          echo "CodeQL is at $CODEQL_PATH"
+          if [[ "$CODEQL_PATH" == "$RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"/* ]]; then
+            echo "::error::The per-language bundle was added to the toolcache at $CODEQL_PATH."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if [[ "$CODEQL_PATH" != "$RUNNER_TEMP"/* ]]; then
+            echo "::error::Expected the per-language bundle to be extracted under $RUNNER_TEMP, but found it at $CODEQL_PATH."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+      - name: Build code
+        if: matrix['build-command']
+        run: ${{ matrix['build-command'] }}
+      - uses: ./../action/analyze
+        id: analysis
+        with:
+          upload-database: false
+      - name: Check that a database was created for the language
+        env:
+          DB_LOCATIONS: ${{ steps.analysis.outputs.db-locations }}
+          LANGUAGE: ${{ matrix.language }}
+        run: |
+          database="$(echo "$DB_LOCATIONS" | jq -r --arg lang "$LANGUAGE" '.[$lang] // empty')"
+          if [ -z "$database" ] || [ ! -d "$database" ]; then
+            echo "::error::No CodeQL database was created for ${LANGUAGE}."
+            echo "Databases: $DB_LOCATIONS"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          echo "Created a ${LANGUAGE} database at ${database}."
+    env:
+      CODEQL_ACTION_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLES: true
+      CODEQL_ACTION_TEST_MODE: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codescanning-config-cli.yml b/.github/workflows/codescanning-config-cli.yml
index 7bc6718e3..54474d58f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codescanning-config-cli.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codescanning-config-cli.yml
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ jobs:
       uses: ./../action/.github/actions/check-codescanning-config
       with:
         expected-config-file-contents: "{}"
-        languages: javascript
+        # Request multiple languages so later checks can reuse the combined bundle.
+        languages: javascript,python
         tools: ${{ steps.prepare-test.outputs.tools-url }}
 
     - name: Packs from input
diff --git a/lib/entry-points.js b/lib/entry-points.js
index 35c18d8af..88ad90dcf 100644
--- a/lib/entry-points.js
+++ b/lib/entry-points.js
@@ -27216,8 +27216,8 @@ var require_gte = __commonJS({
   "node_modules/semver/functions/gte.js"(exports2, module2) {
     "use strict";
     var compare3 = require_compare();
-    var gte7 = (a, b, loose) => compare3(a, b, loose) >= 0;
-    module2.exports = gte7;
+    var gte8 = (a, b, loose) => compare3(a, b, loose) >= 0;
+    module2.exports = gte8;
   }
 });
 
@@ -27238,7 +27238,7 @@ var require_cmp = __commonJS({
     var eq = require_eq();
     var neq = require_neq();
     var gt = require_gt();
-    var gte7 = require_gte();
+    var gte8 = require_gte();
     var lt2 = require_lt();
     var lte2 = require_lte();
     var cmp = (a, op, b, loose) => {
@@ -27268,7 +27268,7 @@ var require_cmp = __commonJS({
         case ">":
           return gt(a, b, loose);
         case ">=":
-          return gte7(a, b, loose);
+          return gte8(a, b, loose);
         case "<":
           return lt2(a, b, loose);
         case "<=":
@@ -28076,7 +28076,7 @@ var require_outside = __commonJS({
     var gt = require_gt();
     var lt2 = require_lt();
     var lte2 = require_lte();
-    var gte7 = require_gte();
+    var gte8 = require_gte();
     var outside = (version, range2, hilo, options) => {
       version = new SemVer(version, options);
       range2 = new Range2(range2, options);
@@ -28091,7 +28091,7 @@ var require_outside = __commonJS({
           break;
         case "<":
           gtfn = lt2;
-          ltefn = gte7;
+          ltefn = gte8;
           ltfn = gt;
           comp = "<";
           ecomp = "<=";
@@ -28406,7 +28406,7 @@ var require_semver2 = __commonJS({
     var lt2 = require_lt();
     var eq = require_eq();
     var neq = require_neq();
-    var gte7 = require_gte();
+    var gte8 = require_gte();
     var lte2 = require_lte();
     var cmp = require_cmp();
     var coerce3 = require_coerce();
@@ -28445,7 +28445,7 @@ var require_semver2 = __commonJS({
       lt: lt2,
       eq,
       neq,
-      gte: gte7,
+      gte: gte8,
       lte: lte2,
       cmp,
       coerce: coerce3,
@@ -31721,7 +31721,7 @@ var require_brace_expansion = __commonJS({
     function lte2(i, y) {
       return i <= y;
     }
-    function gte7(i, y) {
+    function gte8(i, y) {
       return i >= y;
     }
     function combine2(acc, base, pre, values, max, maxLength, dropEmpties, outBase) {
@@ -31754,7 +31754,7 @@ var require_brace_expansion = __commonJS({
       var reverse = y < x;
       if (reverse) {
         incr *= -1;
-        test = gte7;
+        test = gte8;
       }
       var pad = n.some(isPadded2);
       var length = 0;
@@ -33901,8 +33901,8 @@ var require_semver3 = __commonJS({
     function neq(a, b, loose) {
       return compare3(a, b, loose) !== 0;
     }
-    exports2.gte = gte7;
-    function gte7(a, b, loose) {
+    exports2.gte = gte8;
+    function gte8(a, b, loose) {
       return compare3(a, b, loose) >= 0;
     }
     exports2.lte = lte2;
@@ -33933,7 +33933,7 @@ var require_semver3 = __commonJS({
         case ">":
           return gt(a, b, loose);
         case ">=":
-          return gte7(a, b, loose);
+          return gte8(a, b, loose);
         case "<":
           return lt2(a, b, loose);
         case "<=":
@@ -34478,7 +34478,7 @@ var require_semver3 = __commonJS({
           break;
         case "<":
           gtfn = lt2;
-          ltefn = gte7;
+          ltefn = gte8;
           ltfn = gt;
           comp = "<";
           ecomp = "<=";
@@ -34699,7 +34699,7 @@ var require_cacheUtils = __commonJS({
     var crypto3 = __importStar2(require("crypto"));
     var fs32 = __importStar2(require("fs"));
     var path30 = __importStar2(require("path"));
-    var semver11 = __importStar2(require_semver3());
+    var semver12 = __importStar2(require_semver3());
     var util3 = __importStar2(require("util"));
     var constants_1 = require_constants7();
     var versionSalt = "1.0";
@@ -34792,7 +34792,7 @@ var require_cacheUtils = __commonJS({
     function getCompressionMethod() {
       return __awaiter2(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
         const versionOutput = yield getVersion("zstd", ["--quiet"]);
-        const version = semver11.clean(versionOutput);
+        const version = semver12.clean(versionOutput);
         core32.debug(`zstd version: ${version}`);
         if (versionOutput === "") {
           return constants_1.CompressionMethod.Gzip;
@@ -82401,7 +82401,7 @@ var require_manifest = __commonJS({
     exports2._findMatch = _findMatch;
     exports2._getOsVersion = _getOsVersion;
     exports2._readLinuxVersionFile = _readLinuxVersionFile;
-    var semver11 = __importStar2(require_semver2());
+    var semver12 = __importStar2(require_semver2());
     var core_1 = require_core();
     var os7 = require("os");
     var cp = require("child_process");
@@ -82415,7 +82415,7 @@ var require_manifest = __commonJS({
         for (const candidate of candidates) {
           const version = candidate.version;
           (0, core_1.debug)(`check ${version} satisfies ${versionSpec}`);
-          if (semver11.satisfies(version, versionSpec) && (!stable || candidate.stable === stable)) {
+          if (semver12.satisfies(version, versionSpec) && (!stable || candidate.stable === stable)) {
             file = candidate.files.find((item) => {
               (0, core_1.debug)(`${item.arch}===${archFilter} && ${item.platform}===${platFilter}`);
               let chk = item.arch === archFilter && item.platform === platFilter;
@@ -82424,7 +82424,7 @@ var require_manifest = __commonJS({
                 if (osVersion === item.platform_version) {
                   chk = true;
                 } else {
-                  chk = semver11.satisfies(osVersion, item.platform_version);
+                  chk = semver12.satisfies(osVersion, item.platform_version);
                 }
               }
               return chk;
@@ -82684,7 +82684,7 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
     var os7 = __importStar2(require("os"));
     var path30 = __importStar2(require("path"));
     var httpm = __importStar2(require_lib());
-    var semver11 = __importStar2(require_semver2());
+    var semver12 = __importStar2(require_semver2());
     var stream2 = __importStar2(require("stream"));
     var util3 = __importStar2(require("util"));
     var assert_1 = require("assert");
@@ -82957,7 +82957,7 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
     }
     function cacheDir2(sourceDir, tool, version, arch2) {
       return __awaiter2(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
-        version = semver11.clean(version) || version;
+        version = semver12.clean(version) || version;
         arch2 = arch2 || os7.arch();
         core32.debug(`Caching tool ${tool} ${version} ${arch2}`);
         core32.debug(`source dir: ${sourceDir}`);
@@ -82975,7 +82975,7 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
     }
     function cacheFile(sourceFile, targetFile, tool, version, arch2) {
       return __awaiter2(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
-        version = semver11.clean(version) || version;
+        version = semver12.clean(version) || version;
         arch2 = arch2 || os7.arch();
         core32.debug(`Caching tool ${tool} ${version} ${arch2}`);
         core32.debug(`source file: ${sourceFile}`);
@@ -83005,7 +83005,7 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
       }
       let toolPath = "";
       if (versionSpec) {
-        versionSpec = semver11.clean(versionSpec) || "";
+        versionSpec = semver12.clean(versionSpec) || "";
         const cachePath = path30.join(_getCacheDirectory(), toolName, versionSpec, arch2);
         core32.debug(`checking cache: ${cachePath}`);
         if (fs32.existsSync(cachePath) && fs32.existsSync(`${cachePath}.complete`)) {
@@ -83085,7 +83085,7 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
     }
     function _createToolPath(tool, version, arch2) {
       return __awaiter2(this, void 0, void 0, function* () {
-        const folderPath = path30.join(_getCacheDirectory(), tool, semver11.clean(version) || version, arch2 || "");
+        const folderPath = path30.join(_getCacheDirectory(), tool, semver12.clean(version) || version, arch2 || "");
         core32.debug(`destination ${folderPath}`);
         const markerPath = `${folderPath}.complete`;
         yield io9.rmRF(folderPath);
@@ -83095,15 +83095,15 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
       });
     }
     function _completeToolPath(tool, version, arch2) {
-      const folderPath = path30.join(_getCacheDirectory(), tool, semver11.clean(version) || version, arch2 || "");
+      const folderPath = path30.join(_getCacheDirectory(), tool, semver12.clean(version) || version, arch2 || "");
       const markerPath = `${folderPath}.complete`;
       fs32.writeFileSync(markerPath, "");
       core32.debug("finished caching tool");
     }
     function isExplicitVersion(versionSpec) {
-      const c = semver11.clean(versionSpec) || "";
+      const c = semver12.clean(versionSpec) || "";
       core32.debug(`isExplicit: ${c}`);
-      const valid4 = semver11.valid(c) != null;
+      const valid4 = semver12.valid(c) != null;
       core32.debug(`explicit? ${valid4}`);
       return valid4;
     }
@@ -83111,14 +83111,14 @@ var require_tool_cache = __commonJS({
       let version = "";
       core32.debug(`evaluating ${versions.length} versions`);
       versions = versions.sort((a, b) => {
-        if (semver11.gt(a, b)) {
+        if (semver12.gt(a, b)) {
           return 1;
         }
         return -1;
       });
       for (let i = versions.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
         const potential = versions[i];
-        const satisfied = semver11.satisfies(potential, versionSpec);
+        const satisfied = semver12.satisfies(potential, versionSpec);
         if (satisfied) {
           version = potential;
           break;
@@ -89595,7 +89595,7 @@ var require_brace_expansion2 = __commonJS({
     function lte2(i, y) {
       return i <= y;
     }
-    function gte7(i, y) {
+    function gte8(i, y) {
       return i >= y;
     }
     function combine2(acc, pre, values, max, maxLength, dropEmpties) {
@@ -89627,7 +89627,7 @@ var require_brace_expansion2 = __commonJS({
       var reverse = y < x;
       if (reverse) {
         incr *= -1;
-        test = gte7;
+        test = gte8;
       }
       var pad = n.some(isPadded2);
       var length = 0;
@@ -148091,6 +148091,11 @@ var featureConfig = {
     envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_OVERLAY_ANALYSIS_SKIP_RESOURCE_CHECKS",
     minimumVersion: void 0
   },
+  ["per_language_bundles" /* PerLanguageBundles */]: {
+    defaultValue: false,
+    envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLES",
+    minimumVersion: void 0
+  },
   ["qa_telemetry_enabled" /* QaTelemetryEnabled */]: {
     defaultValue: false,
     envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_QA_TELEMETRY",
@@ -151192,7 +151197,7 @@ var path13 = __toESM(require("path"));
 var core12 = __toESM(require_core());
 var toolcache3 = __toESM(require_tool_cache());
 var import_fast_deep_equal = __toESM(require_fast_deep_equal());
-var semver9 = __toESM(require_semver2());
+var semver10 = __toESM(require_semver2());
 
 // src/overlay/caching.ts
 var fs11 = __toESM(require("fs"));
@@ -151492,6 +151497,89 @@ async function getCodeQlVersionsForOverlayBaseDatabases(rawLanguages, logger) {
   return versions;
 }
 
+// src/per-language-bundles.ts
+var semver7 = __toESM(require_semver2());
+var MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION = "2.27.1";
+var PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_NAME = /^codeql-bundle-(.+)-(?:linux64|osx64|win64)\.tar\.(?:gz|zst)$/;
+function tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url2) {
+  let assetName;
+  try {
+    const pathname = new URL(url2).pathname;
+    assetName = decodeURIComponent(pathname.split("/").pop() ?? "");
+  } catch {
+    return void 0;
+  }
+  const match2 = assetName.match(PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_NAME);
+  return match2 ? parseBuiltInLanguage(match2[1]) : void 0;
+}
+var PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_PLATFORMS = {
+  ["actions" /* actions */]: "linux64",
+  ["cpp" /* cpp */]: "linux64",
+  ["csharp" /* csharp */]: "linux64",
+  ["go" /* go */]: "linux64",
+  ["java" /* java */]: "linux64",
+  ["javascript" /* javascript */]: "linux64",
+  ["python" /* python */]: "linux64",
+  ["ruby" /* ruby */]: "linux64",
+  ["rust" /* rust */]: "linux64",
+  ["swift" /* swift */]: "osx64"
+};
+async function getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(options, features, logger) {
+  const {
+    rawLanguages,
+    cliVersion: cliVersion2,
+    compressionMethod,
+    platform: platform2,
+    variant,
+    isNightly
+  } = options;
+  const explain = (reason) => {
+    logger.debug(`Not using a per-language CodeQL bundle since ${reason}.`);
+    return void 0;
+  };
+  if (rawLanguages?.length !== 1) {
+    return explain(
+      `exactly one language must be requested via the 'languages' input, but ${rawLanguages?.length ?? 0} were`
+    );
+  }
+  const language = parseBuiltInLanguage(rawLanguages[0]);
+  if (language === void 0) {
+    return explain(`'${rawLanguages[0]}' is not a known CodeQL language`);
+  }
+  if (compressionMethod !== "zstd") {
+    return explain(`the bundle would be downloaded as ${compressionMethod}`);
+  }
+  if (variant !== "GitHub.com" /* DOTCOM */) {
+    return explain(`we are running against ${variant}`);
+  }
+  if (!isGitHubHostedRunner()) {
+    return explain("the job is not running on a GitHub-hosted runner");
+  }
+  if (!isNightly) {
+    if (cliVersion2 === void 0) {
+      return explain("the CLI version of the bundle is unknown");
+    }
+    if (!semver7.gte(cliVersion2, MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION)) {
+      return explain(
+        `CodeQL ${cliVersion2} is older than ${MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION}, which is the first version that publishes per-language bundles`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  const supportedPlatform = PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_PLATFORMS[language];
+  if (supportedPlatform === void 0) {
+    return explain(`no per-language bundle is published for ${language}`);
+  }
+  if (supportedPlatform !== platform2) {
+    return explain(
+      `the ${language} bundle is only published for ${supportedPlatform}, but this job is running on ${platform2 ?? "an unknown platform"}`
+    );
+  }
+  if (!await features.getValue("per_language_bundles" /* PerLanguageBundles */)) {
+    return explain(`the ${"per_language_bundles" /* PerLanguageBundles */} feature is disabled`);
+  }
+  return language;
+}
+
 // src/tar.ts
 var import_child_process = require("child_process");
 var fs12 = __toESM(require("fs"));
@@ -151499,7 +151587,7 @@ var stream = __toESM(require("stream"));
 var import_toolrunner = __toESM(require_toolrunner());
 var io4 = __toESM(require_io());
 var toolcache = __toESM(require_tool_cache());
-var semver7 = __toESM(require_semver2());
+var semver8 = __toESM(require_semver2());
 var MIN_REQUIRED_BSD_TAR_VERSION = "3.4.3";
 var MIN_REQUIRED_GNU_TAR_VERSION = "1.31";
 async function getTarVersion() {
@@ -151541,9 +151629,9 @@ async function isZstdAvailable(logger) {
       case "gnu":
         return {
           available: foundZstdBinary && // GNU tar only uses major and minor version numbers
-          semver7.gte(
-            semver7.coerce(version),
-            semver7.coerce(MIN_REQUIRED_GNU_TAR_VERSION)
+          semver8.gte(
+            semver8.coerce(version),
+            semver8.coerce(MIN_REQUIRED_GNU_TAR_VERSION)
           ),
           foundZstdBinary,
           version: tarVersion
@@ -151552,7 +151640,7 @@ async function isZstdAvailable(logger) {
         return {
           available: foundZstdBinary && // Do a loose comparison since these version numbers don't contain
           // a patch version number.
-          semver7.gte(version, MIN_REQUIRED_BSD_TAR_VERSION),
+          semver8.gte(version, MIN_REQUIRED_BSD_TAR_VERSION),
           foundZstdBinary,
           version: tarVersion
         };
@@ -151661,7 +151749,7 @@ var core11 = __toESM(require_core());
 var import_http_client = __toESM(require_lib());
 var toolcache2 = __toESM(require_tool_cache());
 var import_follow_redirects = __toESM(require_follow_redirects());
-var semver8 = __toESM(require_semver2());
+var semver9 = __toESM(require_semver2());
 var STREAMING_HIGH_WATERMARK_BYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
 var STREAMING_STALL_TIMEOUT_MS = 5 * 60 * 1e3;
 var TOOLCACHE_TOOL_NAME = "CodeQL";
@@ -151787,7 +151875,7 @@ function getToolcacheToolDirectory(env) {
   );
 }
 function getToolcacheVersionDirectoryName(version) {
-  return semver8.clean(version) || version;
+  return semver9.clean(version) || version;
 }
 function getToolcacheDirectory(version) {
   return path12.join(
@@ -151899,18 +151987,27 @@ function getCodeQLBundleExtension(compressionMethod) {
       assertNever(compressionMethod);
   }
 }
-function getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod) {
+function getBundlePlatform() {
+  switch (process.platform) {
+    case "win32":
+      return "win64";
+    case "linux":
+      return process.arch === "arm64" ? "linux-arm64" : "linux64";
+    case "darwin":
+      return "osx64";
+    default:
+      return void 0;
+  }
+}
+function getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod, language) {
   const extension = getCodeQLBundleExtension(compressionMethod);
-  let platform2;
-  if (process.platform === "win32") {
-    platform2 = "win64";
-  } else if (process.platform === "linux") {
-    platform2 = process.arch === "arm64" ? "linux-arm64" : "linux64";
-  } else if (process.platform === "darwin") {
-    platform2 = "osx64";
-  } else {
+  const platform2 = getBundlePlatform();
+  if (platform2 === void 0) {
     return `codeql-bundle${extension}`;
   }
+  if (language !== void 0) {
+    return `codeql-bundle-${language}-${platform2}${extension}`;
+  }
   return `codeql-bundle-${platform2}${extension}`;
 }
 function getCodeQLActionRepository(logger) {
@@ -151922,7 +152019,7 @@ function getCodeQLActionRepository(logger) {
   }
   return getRequiredEnvParam("GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY");
 }
-async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(tagName, apiDetails, compressionMethod, logger) {
+async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(tagName, apiDetails, codeQLBundleName, logger) {
   const codeQLActionRepository = getCodeQLActionRepository(logger);
   const potentialDownloadSources = [
     // This GitHub instance, and this Action.
@@ -151937,7 +152034,6 @@ async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(tagName, apiDetails, compressionMethod
       return !self2.slice(0, index2).some((other) => (0, import_fast_deep_equal.default)(source, other));
     }
   );
-  const codeQLBundleName = getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod);
   for (const downloadSource of uniqueDownloadSources) {
     const [apiURL, repository] = downloadSource;
     if (apiURL === GITHUB_DOTCOM_URL && repository === CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY) {
@@ -151992,13 +152088,13 @@ function tryGetTagNameFromUrl(url2, logger) {
   return match2[1];
 }
 function convertToSemVer(version, logger) {
-  if (!semver9.valid(version)) {
+  if (!semver10.valid(version)) {
     logger.debug(
       `Bundle version ${version} is not in SemVer format. Will treat it as pre-release 0.0.0-${version}.`
     );
     version = `0.0.0-${version}`;
   }
-  const s = semver9.clean(version);
+  const s = semver10.clean(version);
   if (!s) {
     throw new Error(`Bundle version ${version} is not in SemVer format.`);
   }
@@ -152126,6 +152222,7 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
   let cliVersion2;
   let tagName;
   let url2;
+  let bundle;
   const canForceNightlyWithFF = isDynamicWorkflow() || isInTestMode();
   const forceNightlyValueFF = await features.getValue("force_nightly" /* ForceNightly */);
   const forceNightly = forceNightlyValueFF && canForceNightlyWithFF;
@@ -152156,7 +152253,8 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
         `Using the latest CodeQL CLI nightly, as requested by 'tools: ${toolsInput}'.`
       );
     }
-    toolsInput = await getNightlyToolsUrl(logger);
+    bundle = await getNightlyBundle(rawLanguages, variant, features, logger);
+    toolsInput = bundle.url;
   }
   const forceShippedTools = toolsInput && CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION_ALIAS.includes(toolsInput);
   if (forceShippedTools) {
@@ -152207,7 +152305,7 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
     url2 = toolsInput;
     if (tagName) {
       const bundleVersion3 = tryGetBundleVersionFromTagName(tagName, logger);
-      if (bundleVersion3 !== void 0 && semver9.valid(bundleVersion3)) {
+      if (bundleVersion3 !== void 0 && semver10.valid(bundleVersion3)) {
         cliVersion2 = convertToSemVer(bundleVersion3, logger);
       }
     }
@@ -152310,12 +152408,38 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
   let compressionMethod;
   if (!url2) {
     compressionMethod = cliVersion2 !== void 0 && await useZstdBundle(cliVersion2, tarSupportsZstd) ? "zstd" : "gzip";
-    url2 = await getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
-      tagName,
-      apiDetails,
-      compressionMethod,
+    const perLanguageBundleLanguage = await getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+      {
+        rawLanguages,
+        cliVersion: cliVersion2,
+        compressionMethod,
+        platform: getBundlePlatform(),
+        variant
+      },
+      features,
       logger
     );
+    const resolveBundleURL = (language) => getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
+      tagName,
+      apiDetails,
+      getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod, language),
+      logger
+    );
+    if (perLanguageBundleLanguage !== void 0) {
+      logger.info(
+        `Downloading the ${perLanguageBundleLanguage} CodeQL bundle, since ${perLanguageBundleLanguage} is the only language being analyzed.`
+      );
+      url2 = await resolveBundleURL(perLanguageBundleLanguage);
+      bundle = {
+        kind: "per-language",
+        url: url2,
+        language: perLanguageBundleLanguage,
+        combinedBundleURL: await resolveBundleURL()
+      };
+    } else {
+      url2 = await resolveBundleURL();
+      bundle = { kind: "combined", url: url2 };
+    }
   } else {
     const method = inferCompressionMethod(url2);
     if (method === void 0) {
@@ -152324,6 +152448,15 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
       );
     }
     compressionMethod = method;
+    if (bundle === void 0) {
+      const language = tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url2);
+      bundle = language === void 0 ? { kind: "combined", url: url2 } : { kind: "per-language", url: url2, language };
+    }
+    if (bundle.kind === "per-language") {
+      logger.info(
+        `${url2} appears to be a CodeQL bundle that contains only ${bundle.language}.`
+      );
+    }
   }
   if (cliVersion2) {
     logger.info(`Using CodeQL CLI version ${cliVersion2} sourced from ${url2} .`);
@@ -152331,7 +152464,7 @@ async function getCodeQLSource(toolsInput, defaultCliVersion, rawLanguages, useO
     logger.info(`Using CodeQL CLI sourced from ${url2} .`);
   }
   return {
-    bundle: { kind: "combined", url: url2 },
+    bundle,
     bundleVersion: bundleVersion2,
     cliVersion: cliVersion2,
     compressionMethod,
@@ -152383,7 +152516,7 @@ var downloadCodeQL = async function(source, apiDetails, tarVersion, tempDir, log
     writeToolcacheMarkerFile(toolcacheDestination, logger);
   } else {
     logger.debug(
-      `Could not cache CodeQL tools because we could not determine the bundle version from the URL ${codeqlURL}.`
+      bundle.kind === "per-language" ? "Not caching the CodeQL tools because they came from a bundle that contains only a single language." : `Could not cache CodeQL tools because we could not determine the bundle version from the URL ${codeqlURL}.`
     );
   }
   return {
@@ -152392,7 +152525,7 @@ var downloadCodeQL = async function(source, apiDetails, tarVersion, tempDir, log
   };
 };
 function getToolcacheDestination(source, logger) {
-  if (!source.bundleVersion) {
+  if (source.bundle.kind !== "combined" || !source.bundleVersion) {
     return void 0;
   }
   return getToolcacheDirectory(
@@ -152496,30 +152629,77 @@ async function setupCodeQLBundle(toolsInput, apiDetails, tempDir, variant, defau
   };
 }
 async function downloadCodeQLBundle(action, source, apiDetails, tarVersion, tempDir) {
+  const { bundle } = source;
+  const { logger } = action;
   await tryDeleteToolcacheBundles(action);
-  return await downloadCodeQL(
-    source,
-    apiDetails,
-    tarVersion,
-    tempDir,
-    action.logger
-  );
+  try {
+    const result = await downloadCodeQL(
+      source,
+      apiDetails,
+      tarVersion,
+      tempDir,
+      logger
+    );
+    return bundle.kind === "combined" ? result : {
+      ...result,
+      statusReport: {
+        ...result.statusReport,
+        bundleLanguage: bundle.language
+      }
+    };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (bundle.kind !== "per-language" || bundle.combinedBundleURL === void 0 || asHTTPError(e)?.status !== 404) {
+      throw e;
+    }
+    logger.warning(
+      `No ${bundle.language} CodeQL bundle was found at ${bundle.url}, so falling back to the bundle that contains all languages. This analysis will still produce correct results, but will take longer to set up.`
+    );
+    const result = await downloadCodeQL(
+      {
+        ...source,
+        bundle: { kind: "combined", url: bundle.combinedBundleURL }
+      },
+      apiDetails,
+      tarVersion,
+      tempDir,
+      logger
+    );
+    return {
+      ...result,
+      statusReport: {
+        ...result.statusReport,
+        perLanguageBundleFallback: true
+      }
+    };
+  }
 }
 async function useZstdBundle(cliVersion2, tarSupportsZstd) {
   return (
     // In testing, gzip performs better than zstd on Windows.
-    process.platform !== "win32" && tarSupportsZstd && semver9.gte(cliVersion2, CODEQL_VERSION_ZSTD_BUNDLE)
+    process.platform !== "win32" && tarSupportsZstd && semver10.gte(cliVersion2, CODEQL_VERSION_ZSTD_BUNDLE)
   );
 }
 function getTempExtractionDir(tempDir) {
   return path13.join(tempDir, v4_default());
 }
-async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger) {
+async function getNightlyBundle(rawLanguages, variant, features, logger) {
   const zstdAvailability = await isZstdAvailable(logger);
   const compressionMethod = await useZstdBundle(
     CODEQL_VERSION_ZSTD_BUNDLE,
     zstdAvailability.available
   ) ? "zstd" : "gzip";
+  const language = await getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+    {
+      rawLanguages,
+      cliVersion: void 0,
+      compressionMethod,
+      platform: getBundlePlatform(),
+      variant,
+      isNightly: true
+    },
+    features,
+    logger
+  );
   try {
     const release2 = await getApiClient().rest.repos.listReleases({
       owner: CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_OWNER,
@@ -152532,7 +152712,14 @@ async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger) {
     if (!latestRelease) {
       throw new Error("Could not find the latest nightly release.");
     }
-    return `https://github.com/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_OWNER}/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_NAME}/releases/download/${latestRelease.tag_name}/${getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod)}`;
+    const assetUrl = (name) => `https://github.com/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_OWNER}/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_NAME}/releases/download/${latestRelease.tag_name}/${name}`;
+    const url2 = assetUrl(getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod, language));
+    return language === void 0 ? { kind: "combined", url: url2 } : {
+      kind: "per-language",
+      url: url2,
+      language,
+      combinedBundleURL: assetUrl(getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod))
+    };
   } catch (e) {
     throw new Error(
       `Failed to retrieve the latest nightly release: ${wrapError(e)}`
@@ -152540,7 +152727,7 @@ async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger) {
   }
 }
 function getLatestToolcacheVersion(logger) {
-  const allVersions = toolcache3.findAllVersions("CodeQL").sort((a, b) => semver9.compare(b, a));
+  const allVersions = toolcache3.findAllVersions("CodeQL").sort((a, b) => semver10.compare(b, a));
   logger.debug(
     `Found the following versions of the CodeQL tools in the toolcache: ${JSON.stringify(
       allVersions
@@ -156724,7 +156911,7 @@ function isPadded(el) {
 function lte(i, y) {
   return i <= y;
 }
-function gte6(i, y) {
+function gte7(i, y) {
   return i >= y;
 }
 function combine(acc, pre, values, max, maxLength, dropEmpties) {
@@ -156759,7 +156946,7 @@ function expandSequence(body, isAlphaSequence, max, maxLength) {
   const reverse = y < x;
   if (reverse) {
     incr *= -1;
-    test = gte6;
+    test = gte7;
   }
   const pad = n.some(isPadded);
   let length = 0;
@@ -158656,7 +158843,7 @@ var import_async = __toESM(require_async(), 1);
 var import_path7 = require("path");
 
 // node_modules/archiver/lib/error.js
-var import_util34 = __toESM(require("util"), 1);
+var import_util35 = __toESM(require("util"), 1);
 var ERROR_CODES = {
   ABORTED: "archive was aborted",
   DIRECTORYDIRPATHREQUIRED: "diretory dirpath argument must be a non-empty string value",
@@ -158681,7 +158868,7 @@ function ArchiverError(code, data) {
   this.code = code;
   this.data = data;
 }
-import_util34.default.inherits(ArchiverError, Error);
+import_util35.default.inherits(ArchiverError, Error);
 
 // node_modules/archiver/lib/core.js
 var import_readable_stream2 = __toESM(require_ours(), 1);
@@ -161613,7 +161800,7 @@ var fs29 = __toESM(require("fs"));
 var path25 = __toESM(require("path"));
 var core22 = __toESM(require_core());
 var io7 = __toESM(require_io());
-var semver10 = __toESM(require_semver2());
+var semver11 = __toESM(require_semver2());
 
 // src/config/inputs.ts
 async function getToolsInput(action, repositoryProperties) {
@@ -161974,6 +162161,12 @@ async function sendCompletedStatusReport2(startedAt, config, configFile, toolsIn
   if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.totalDurationMs !== void 0) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_total_duration_ms = toolsDownloadStatusReport.totalDurationMs;
   }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage !== void 0) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_bundle_language = toolsDownloadStatusReport.bundleLanguage;
+  }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback !== void 0) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_per_language_bundle_fallback = toolsDownloadStatusReport.perLanguageBundleFallback;
+  }
   if (toolsFeatureFlagsValid !== void 0) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_feature_flags_valid = toolsFeatureFlagsValid;
   }
@@ -162093,12 +162286,12 @@ async function run3(actionState) {
       const experimental = "2.19.3";
       const publicPreview = "2.22.1";
       const actualVer = (await codeql.getVersion()).version;
-      if (semver10.lt(actualVer, experimental)) {
+      if (semver11.lt(actualVer, experimental)) {
         throw new ConfigurationError(
           `Rust analysis is supported by CodeQL CLI version ${experimental} or higher, but found version ${actualVer}`
         );
       }
-      if (semver10.lt(actualVer, publicPreview)) {
+      if (semver11.lt(actualVer, publicPreview)) {
         core22.exportVariable("CODEQL_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES" /* EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES */, "true");
         logger.info("Experimental Rust analysis enabled");
       }
@@ -163022,6 +163215,12 @@ async function sendCompletedStatusReport3(startedAt, toolsInput, toolsDownloadSt
   if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.totalDurationMs !== void 0) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_total_duration_ms = toolsDownloadStatusReport.totalDurationMs;
   }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage !== void 0) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_bundle_language = toolsDownloadStatusReport.bundleLanguage;
+  }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback !== void 0) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_per_language_bundle_fallback = toolsDownloadStatusReport.perLanguageBundleFallback;
+  }
   if (toolsFeatureFlagsValid !== void 0) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_feature_flags_valid = toolsFeatureFlagsValid;
   }
diff --git a/pr-checks/checks/bundle-toolcache.yml b/pr-checks/checks/bundle-toolcache.yml
index 83d1d7d0b..efa1a4d76 100644
--- a/pr-checks/checks/bundle-toolcache.yml
+++ b/pr-checks/checks/bundle-toolcache.yml
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ steps:
   - id: init
     uses: ./../action/init
     with:
-      languages: javascript
+      languages: javascript,python
       tools: ${{ steps.prepare-test.outputs.tools-url }}
   - uses: ./../action/analyze
     with:
diff --git a/pr-checks/checks/per-language-bundle-validation.yml b/pr-checks/checks/per-language-bundle-validation.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21fe33e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pr-checks/checks/per-language-bundle-validation.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+name: Per-language bundles
+description: Validates extraction and analysis using each per-language CodeQL bundle.
+# TODO: Use a released bundle once releases include per-language bundles.
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - language: actions
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+      # Actions also needs the JavaScript extractor.
+      expected-extractors: actions javascript
+    - language: cpp
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+      build-mode: manual
+      build-command: gcc -o main main.c
+    - language: csharp
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+      build-mode: none
+    - language: go
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+      build-mode: autobuild
+    - language: java
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+      build-mode: none
+    - language: javascript
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+    - language: python
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+    - language: ruby
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+    - language: rust
+      os: ubuntu-latest
+      version: nightly-latest
+    - language: swift
+      os: macos-latest-xlarge
+      version: nightly-latest
+      build-mode: autobuild
+env:
+  CODEQL_ACTION_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLES: true
+steps:
+  - uses: ./../action/init
+    id: init
+    with:
+      languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
+      build-mode: ${{ matrix['build-mode'] }}
+      tools: ${{ steps.prepare-test.outputs.tools-url }}
+  - name: Check that the bundle contains only the expected extractors
+    env:
+      CODEQL_PATH: ${{ steps.init.outputs.codeql-path }}
+      LANGUAGE: ${{ matrix.language }}
+      EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS: ${{ matrix['expected-extractors'] || matrix.language }}
+    run: |
+      extractors="$("$CODEQL_PATH" resolve languages --format=json | jq -r 'keys[]')"
+      echo "Extractors in the bundle:"
+      echo "$extractors"
+      echo "Expected: $EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS"
+
+      for expected in $EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS; do
+        if ! echo "$extractors" | grep -qx "$expected"; then
+          echo "::error::The ${LANGUAGE} bundle does not contain the ${expected} extractor."
+          exit 1
+        fi
+      done
+
+      # If the bundle contained extractors beyond those the language needs, then it would not
+      # have been trimmed, and this job would be silently validating the combined bundle.
+      for other in actions cpp csharp go java javascript python ruby rust swift; do
+        if echo "$EXPECTED_EXTRACTORS" | grep -qw "$other"; then
+          continue
+        fi
+        if echo "$extractors" | grep -qx "$other"; then
+          echo "::error::The ${LANGUAGE} bundle also contains the ${other} extractor, so it is not trimmed."
+          exit 1
+        fi
+      done
+  - name: Check that the bundle was not added to the toolcache
+    env:
+      CODEQL_PATH: ${{ steps.init.outputs.codeql-path }}
+    run: |
+      # A bundle that is missing most of its extractors must never be left in the toolcache,
+      # where a later job analyzing a different language could pick it up. The runner image
+      # ships with its own CodeQL in the toolcache, so check where this bundle was extracted to
+      # rather than whether the toolcache contains CodeQL at all.
+      echo "CodeQL is at $CODEQL_PATH"
+      if [[ "$CODEQL_PATH" == "$RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"/* ]]; then
+        echo "::error::The per-language bundle was added to the toolcache at $CODEQL_PATH."
+        exit 1
+      fi
+      if [[ "$CODEQL_PATH" != "$RUNNER_TEMP"/* ]]; then
+        echo "::error::Expected the per-language bundle to be extracted under $RUNNER_TEMP, but found it at $CODEQL_PATH."
+        exit 1
+      fi
+  - name: Build code
+    if: matrix['build-command']
+    run: ${{ matrix['build-command'] }}
+  - uses: ./../action/analyze
+    id: analysis
+    with:
+      upload-database: false
+  - name: Check that a database was created for the language
+    env:
+      DB_LOCATIONS: ${{ steps.analysis.outputs.db-locations }}
+      LANGUAGE: ${{ matrix.language }}
+    run: |
+      database="$(echo "$DB_LOCATIONS" | jq -r --arg lang "$LANGUAGE" '.[$lang] // empty')"
+      if [ -z "$database" ] || [ ! -d "$database" ]; then
+        echo "::error::No CodeQL database was created for ${LANGUAGE}."
+        echo "Databases: $DB_LOCATIONS"
+        exit 1
+      fi
+      echo "Created a ${LANGUAGE} database at ${database}."
diff --git a/pr-checks/sync.ts b/pr-checks/sync.ts
index 6dde1ee48..f0942ad2d 100755
--- a/pr-checks/sync.ts
+++ b/pr-checks/sync.ts
@@ -79,6 +79,8 @@ interface Specification extends JobSpecification {
   useAllPlatformBundle?: string;
   /** Values for the `analysis-kinds` matrix dimension. */
   analysisKinds?: string[];
+  /** Overrides the generated job matrix using GitHub Actions matrix syntax. */
+  matrix?: Record<string, unknown>;
 
   /** Container image configuration for the job. */
   container?: any;
@@ -512,9 +514,6 @@ function generateJob(
   specDocument: yaml.Document,
   checkSpecification: Specification,
 ) {
-  const matrix: Array<Record<string, any>> =
-    generateJobMatrix(checkSpecification);
-
   const useAllPlatformBundle = checkSpecification.useAllPlatformBundle
     ? checkSpecification.useAllPlatformBundle
     : "false";
@@ -567,8 +566,8 @@ function generateJob(
   const checkJob: Record<string, any> = {
     strategy: {
       "fail-fast": false,
-      matrix: {
-        include: matrix,
+      matrix: checkSpecification.matrix ?? {
+        include: generateJobMatrix(checkSpecification),
       },
     },
     name: checkSpecification.name,
diff --git a/src/feature-flags.ts b/src/feature-flags.ts
index da7bccead..afddaea2a 100644
--- a/src/feature-flags.ts
+++ b/src/feature-flags.ts
@@ -164,6 +164,11 @@ export enum Feature {
   OverlayAnalysisStatusCheck = "overlay_analysis_status_check",
   /** Controls whether overlay build failures on the default branch are stored in the Actions cache. */
   OverlayAnalysisStatusSave = "overlay_analysis_status_save",
+  /**
+   * Controls whether we may download a bundle containing only the single language being analysed,
+   * rather than the combined bundle that contains every language.
+   */
+  PerLanguageBundles = "per_language_bundles",
   QaTelemetryEnabled = "qa_telemetry_enabled",
   /** Routes (some) API requests through the registry proxy. */
   ProxyApiRequests = "proxy_api_requests",
@@ -434,6 +439,11 @@ export const featureConfig = {
     envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_OVERLAY_ANALYSIS_SKIP_RESOURCE_CHECKS",
     minimumVersion: undefined,
   },
+  [Feature.PerLanguageBundles]: {
+    defaultValue: false,
+    envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLES",
+    minimumVersion: undefined,
+  },
   [Feature.QaTelemetryEnabled]: {
     defaultValue: false,
     envVar: "CODEQL_ACTION_QA_TELEMETRY",
diff --git a/src/init-action.ts b/src/init-action.ts
index 8173d67aa..dd576548d 100644
--- a/src/init-action.ts
+++ b/src/init-action.ts
@@ -182,6 +182,14 @@ async function sendCompletedStatusReport(
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_total_duration_ms =
       toolsDownloadStatusReport.totalDurationMs;
   }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage !== undefined) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_bundle_language =
+      toolsDownloadStatusReport.bundleLanguage;
+  }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback !== undefined) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_per_language_bundle_fallback =
+      toolsDownloadStatusReport.perLanguageBundleFallback;
+  }
   if (toolsFeatureFlagsValid !== undefined) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_feature_flags_valid = toolsFeatureFlagsValid;
   }
diff --git a/src/per-language-bundles.test.ts b/src/per-language-bundles.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8242bd014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/per-language-bundles.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+import test from "ava";
+
+import { ActionsEnvVars } from "./environment";
+import { Feature } from "./feature-flags";
+import { BuiltInLanguage } from "./languages";
+import { getRunnerLogger } from "./logging";
+import {
+  getPerLanguageBundleLanguage,
+  MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION,
+  PerLanguageBundleOptions,
+  tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl,
+} from "./per-language-bundles";
+import { createFeatures, setupTests } from "./testing-utils";
+import { GitHubVariant } from "./util";
+
+setupTests(test);
+
+/** Options for which we would use a per-language bundle. */
+const ELIGIBLE_OPTIONS: PerLanguageBundleOptions = {
+  rawLanguages: ["java"],
+  // Any version at least as new as the minimum will do.
+  cliVersion: MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION,
+  compressionMethod: "zstd",
+  platform: "linux64",
+  variant: GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+};
+
+async function checkEligibility(
+  overrides: Partial<PerLanguageBundleOptions>,
+  enabledFeatures: Feature[] = [Feature.PerLanguageBundles],
+) {
+  return getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+    { ...ELIGIBLE_OPTIONS, ...overrides },
+    createFeatures(enabledFeatures),
+    getRunnerLogger(true),
+  );
+}
+
+test.beforeEach(() => {
+  process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+});
+
+test.serial("uses Linux bundles for non-Swift languages", async (t) => {
+  for (const language of Object.values(BuiltInLanguage)) {
+    if (language === BuiltInLanguage.swift) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    t.is(await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: [language] }), language);
+  }
+});
+
+test.serial("normalizes an alias before selecting a bundle", async (t) => {
+  t.is(
+    await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: ["java-kotlin"] }),
+    BuiltInLanguage.java,
+  );
+});
+
+test.serial("uses the macOS bundle for Swift", async (t) => {
+  t.is(
+    await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: ["swift"], platform: "osx64" }),
+    BuiltInLanguage.swift,
+  );
+  // Swift is only published for macOS.
+  t.is(
+    await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: ["swift"], platform: "linux64" }),
+    undefined,
+  );
+});
+
+test.serial("only publishes non-Swift languages for Linux", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ platform: "osx64" }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ platform: "win64" }), undefined);
+  // We do not publish per-language bundles for Linux Arm64 either.
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ platform: "linux-arm64" }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ platform: undefined }), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires exactly one language", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: undefined }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: [] }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: ["java", "python"] }), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires a language that CodeQL knows about", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ rawLanguages: ["cobol"] }), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires a zstd bundle", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ compressionMethod: "gzip" }), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires GitHub.com", async (t) => {
+  // Other products resolve the combined bundle against their own instance, so asking for a
+  // per-language bundle they do not mirror would move the download off that instance.
+  for (const variant of [GitHubVariant.GHES, GitHubVariant.GHEC_DR]) {
+    t.is(await checkEligibility({ variant }), undefined);
+  }
+});
+
+test.serial("requires a GitHub-hosted runner", async (t) => {
+  // A self-hosted runner may have a toolcache that persists between jobs, which is worth more than
+  // a smaller download.
+  process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "self-hosted";
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({}), undefined);
+
+  // Self-hosted runners are routinely configured to look like hosted ones, for example by mounting
+  // a persistent volume at `/opt/hostedtoolcache`, so we require the service to tell us explicitly.
+  delete process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT];
+  process.env["RUNNER_TOOL_CACHE"] = "/opt/hostedtoolcache";
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({}), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires a new enough CLI version", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ cliVersion: undefined }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ cliVersion: "2.27.0" }), undefined);
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({ cliVersion: "2.27.1" }), BuiltInLanguage.java);
+});
+
+test.serial("requires the feature flag", async (t) => {
+  t.is(await checkEligibility({}, []), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("nightlies skip only the release version check", async (t) => {
+  const nightly = { isNightly: true, cliVersion: undefined };
+  t.is(await checkEligibility(nightly), BuiltInLanguage.java);
+
+  for (const overrides of [
+    { rawLanguages: undefined },
+    { rawLanguages: ["java", "python"] },
+    { compressionMethod: "gzip" as const },
+    { platform: "osx64" },
+    { variant: GitHubVariant.GHES },
+    { variant: GitHubVariant.GHEC_DR },
+  ]) {
+    t.is(await checkEligibility({ ...nightly, ...overrides }), undefined);
+  }
+  t.is(await checkEligibility(nightly, []), undefined);
+  process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "self-hosted";
+  t.is(await checkEligibility(nightly), undefined);
+});
+
+test.serial("recognizes a per-language bundle from its URL", (t) => {
+  const url = (name: string) =>
+    `https://github.com/github/codeql-action/releases/download/codeql-bundle-v1.2.3/${name}`;
+
+  t.is(
+    tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url("codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst")),
+    BuiltInLanguage.java,
+  );
+  t.is(
+    tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url("codeql-bundle-swift-osx64.tar.zst")),
+    BuiltInLanguage.swift,
+  );
+  // We do not publish these, but should still recognize them if we ever do.
+  t.is(
+    tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url("codeql-bundle-csharp-win64.tar.gz")),
+    BuiltInLanguage.csharp,
+  );
+  // A percent-encoded name resolves to the same asset, so it must not let a bundle that contains a
+  // single language pass for one that contains them all and end up in the toolcache.
+  t.is(
+    tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url("codeql-bundle-%70ython-linux64.tar.zst")),
+    BuiltInLanguage.python,
+  );
+});
+
+test.serial("does not mistake other bundles for per-language ones", (t) => {
+  const url = (name: string) =>
+    `https://github.com/github/codeql-action/releases/download/codeql-bundle-v1.2.3/${name}`;
+
+  for (const name of [
+    "codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst",
+    "codeql-bundle-osx64.tar.gz",
+    "codeql-bundle-win64.tar.zst",
+    // The all-platform bundle.
+    "codeql-bundle.tar.gz",
+    // A platform we do not publish per-language bundles for, whose name also contains a hyphen.
+    "codeql-bundle-linux-arm64.tar.zst",
+    // Not a language we know about.
+    "codeql-bundle-cobol-linux64.tar.zst",
+    // A name we cannot decode must not be mistaken for a language either.
+    "codeql-bundle-%zz-linux64.tar.zst",
+  ]) {
+    t.is(tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url(name)), undefined, name);
+  }
+
+  t.is(tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl("not a url"), undefined);
+});
diff --git a/src/per-language-bundles.ts b/src/per-language-bundles.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b63e4f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/per-language-bundles.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+import * as semver from "semver";
+
+import { isGitHubHostedRunner } from "./actions-util";
+import { Feature, FeatureEnablement } from "./feature-flags";
+import { BuiltInLanguage, parseBuiltInLanguage } from "./languages";
+import { Logger } from "./logging";
+import * as tar from "./tar";
+import { GitHubVariant } from "./util";
+
+/** Minimum CLI version for selecting a per-language release bundle. */
+export const MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION = "2.27.1";
+
+const PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_NAME =
+  /^codeql-bundle-(.+)-(?:linux64|osx64|win64)\.tar\.(?:gz|zst)$/;
+
+/** Identifies per-language tools URLs that must not populate the toolcache. */
+export function tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(
+  url: string,
+): BuiltInLanguage | undefined {
+  let assetName: string;
+  try {
+    const pathname = new URL(url).pathname;
+    // URL-encoded names must not bypass the toolcache safeguard.
+    assetName = decodeURIComponent(pathname.split("/").pop() ?? "");
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const match = assetName.match(PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_NAME);
+  return match ? parseBuiltInLanguage(match[1]) : undefined;
+}
+
+/** Published platform for each language; absent entries are ineligible. */
+const PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_PLATFORMS: Readonly<
+  Partial<Record<BuiltInLanguage, string>>
+> = {
+  [BuiltInLanguage.actions]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.cpp]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.csharp]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.go]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.java]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.javascript]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.python]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.ruby]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.rust]: "linux64",
+  [BuiltInLanguage.swift]: "osx64",
+};
+
+/** Inputs that determine whether we may download a per-language bundle. */
+export interface PerLanguageBundleOptions {
+  /** Explicit input only: autodetection needs a CLI instance. */
+  rawLanguages: string[] | undefined;
+  /** CLI version, if known. Ignored for nightly bundles. */
+  cliVersion: string | undefined;
+  compressionMethod: tar.CompressionMethod;
+  /** Bundle platform identifier, such as linux64. */
+  platform: string | undefined;
+  variant: GitHubVariant;
+  isNightly?: boolean;
+}
+
+/** Returns the eligible bundle language, or undefined for the combined bundle. */
+export async function getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+  options: PerLanguageBundleOptions,
+  features: FeatureEnablement,
+  logger: Logger,
+): Promise<BuiltInLanguage | undefined> {
+  const {
+    rawLanguages,
+    cliVersion,
+    compressionMethod,
+    platform,
+    variant,
+    isNightly,
+  } = options;
+
+  const explain = (reason: string) => {
+    logger.debug(`Not using a per-language CodeQL bundle since ${reason}.`);
+    return undefined;
+  };
+
+  if (rawLanguages?.length !== 1) {
+    return explain(
+      `exactly one language must be requested via the 'languages' input, but ${
+        rawLanguages?.length ?? 0
+      } were`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const language = parseBuiltInLanguage(rawLanguages[0]);
+  if (language === undefined) {
+    return explain(`'${rawLanguages[0]}' is not a known CodeQL language`);
+  }
+
+  if (compressionMethod !== "zstd") {
+    // Per-language bundles are only published as zstd archives.
+    return explain(`the bundle would be downloaded as ${compressionMethod}`);
+  }
+
+  if (variant !== GitHubVariant.DOTCOM) {
+    // Tenant mirrors may lack these assets, and an unreachable github.com fails with a
+    // connection error rather than a recoverable 404.
+    return explain(`we are running against ${variant}`);
+  }
+
+  if (!isGitHubHostedRunner()) {
+    // Per-language installs stay out of the toolcache; self-hosted runners should retain
+    // the reusable combined bundle instead.
+    return explain("the job is not running on a GitHub-hosted runner");
+  }
+
+  // Nightly tags contain dates rather than comparable CLI versions.
+  if (!isNightly) {
+    if (cliVersion === undefined) {
+      return explain("the CLI version of the bundle is unknown");
+    }
+
+    if (!semver.gte(cliVersion, MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION)) {
+      return explain(
+        `CodeQL ${cliVersion} is older than ${MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION}, which is the ` +
+          "first version that publishes per-language bundles",
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  const supportedPlatform = PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_PLATFORMS[language];
+  if (supportedPlatform === undefined) {
+    return explain(`no per-language bundle is published for ${language}`);
+  }
+  if (supportedPlatform !== platform) {
+    return explain(
+      `the ${language} bundle is only published for ${supportedPlatform}, but this job is ` +
+        `running on ${platform ?? "an unknown platform"}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (!(await features.getValue(Feature.PerLanguageBundles))) {
+    return explain(`the ${Feature.PerLanguageBundles} feature is disabled`);
+  }
+
+  return language;
+}
diff --git a/src/setup-codeql-action.ts b/src/setup-codeql-action.ts
index bb6b73c9a..3c2a191e7 100644
--- a/src/setup-codeql-action.ts
+++ b/src/setup-codeql-action.ts
@@ -93,6 +93,14 @@ async function sendCompletedStatusReport(
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_total_duration_ms =
       toolsDownloadStatusReport.totalDurationMs;
   }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage !== undefined) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_bundle_language =
+      toolsDownloadStatusReport.bundleLanguage;
+  }
+  if (toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback !== undefined) {
+    initToolsDownloadFields.tools_per_language_bundle_fallback =
+      toolsDownloadStatusReport.perLanguageBundleFallback;
+  }
   if (toolsFeatureFlagsValid !== undefined) {
     initToolsDownloadFields.tools_feature_flags_valid = toolsFeatureFlagsValid;
   }
diff --git a/src/setup-codeql.test.ts b/src/setup-codeql.test.ts
index 973beef5e..f7caf575f 100644
--- a/src/setup-codeql.test.ts
+++ b/src/setup-codeql.test.ts
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ import * as api from "./api-client";
 import * as diagnostics from "./diagnostics";
 import { ActionsEnvVars, EnvVar, getEnv, ReadOnlyEnv } from "./environment";
 import { Feature } from "./feature-flags";
+import { BuiltInLanguage } from "./languages";
 import { getRunnerLogger } from "./logging";
 import { getCacheRestoreKeyPrefix } from "./overlay/caching";
+import { MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION } from "./per-language-bundles";
 import * as setupCodeql from "./setup-codeql";
 import * as tar from "./tar";
 import {
@@ -55,6 +57,25 @@ function stubDownloadAndExtract() {
     });
 }
 
+function stubHostedNightly(tagName: string) {
+  sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+  sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+  process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+  sinon.stub(tar, "isZstdAvailable").resolves({
+    available: true,
+    foundZstdBinary: true,
+  });
+  const client = github.getOctokit("123", {
+    request: {
+      fetch: async () =>
+        new Response(JSON.stringify([{ tag_name: tagName }]), {
+          headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
+        }),
+    },
+  });
+  sinon.stub(api, "getApiClient").value(() => client);
+}
+
 test.serial("parse codeql bundle url version", (t) => {
   t.deepEqual(
     setupCodeql.getCodeQLURLVersion(
@@ -374,20 +395,7 @@ test.serial(
     const expectedDate = "30260213";
     const expectedTag = `codeql-bundle-${expectedDate}`;
 
-    // Ensure that we consistently select "zstd" for the test.
-    sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
-    sinon.stub(tar, "isZstdAvailable").resolves({
-      available: true,
-      foundZstdBinary: true,
-    });
-
-    const client = github.getOctokit("123");
-    const listReleases = sinon.stub(client.rest.repos, "listReleases");
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument
-    listReleases.resolves({
-      data: [{ tag_name: expectedTag }],
-    } as any);
-    sinon.stub(api, "getApiClient").value(() => client);
+    stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
 
     await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
       setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
@@ -456,20 +464,7 @@ test.serial(
     const expectedDate = "30260213";
     const expectedTag = `codeql-bundle-${expectedDate}`;
 
-    // Ensure that we consistently select "zstd" for the test.
-    sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
-    sinon.stub(tar, "isZstdAvailable").resolves({
-      available: true,
-      foundZstdBinary: true,
-    });
-
-    const client = github.getOctokit("123");
-    const listReleases = sinon.stub(client.rest.repos, "listReleases");
-    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-argument
-    listReleases.resolves({
-      data: [{ tag_name: expectedTag }],
-    } as any);
-    sinon.stub(api, "getApiClient").value(() => client);
+    stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
 
     await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
       setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir, { GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: "dynamic" });
@@ -513,6 +508,8 @@ for (const bundlePath of [
   "codeql-bundle.tar.gz",
   "codeql-bundle.tar.zst",
   "codeql-bundle-/codeql-bundle.tar.gz",
+  "codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst",
+  "codeql-bundle-ruby-linux64.tar.zst",
 ]) {
   test.serial(
     `setupCodeQLBundle reports an unknown version for ${bundlePath}`,
@@ -542,6 +539,12 @@ for (const bundlePath of [
         t.is(downloadSpy.firstCall.args[0].toolsVersion, "unknown");
         t.is(result.toolsVersion, "unknown");
         t.is(result.toolsSource, setupCodeql.ToolsSource.Download);
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage,
+          bundlePath === "codeql-bundle-ruby-linux64.tar.zst"
+            ? BuiltInLanguage.ruby
+            : undefined,
+        );
         t.is(path.dirname(result.codeqlFolder), tmpDir);
         t.true(fs.existsSync(result.codeqlFolder));
         t.false(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
@@ -594,6 +597,131 @@ test.serial(
   },
 );
 
+for (const toolsInput of ["nightly", "nightly-latest"]) {
+  test.serial(
+    `getCodeQLSource selects a per-language bundle for tools == ${toolsInput}`,
+    async (t) => {
+      const expectedTag = "codeql-bundle-30260213";
+      const baseURL = `https://github.com/dsp-testing/codeql-cli-nightlies/releases/download/${expectedTag}`;
+      stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+        const source = await setupCodeql.getCodeQLSource(
+          toolsInput,
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          ["java"],
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          true, // tarSupportsZstd
+          createFeatures([Feature.PerLanguageBundles]),
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        );
+
+        t.deepEqual(source, {
+          sourceType: "download",
+          bundle: {
+            kind: "per-language",
+            language: BuiltInLanguage.java,
+            url: `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst`,
+            combinedBundleURL: `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst`,
+          },
+          bundleVersion: "30260213",
+          cliVersion: undefined,
+          compressionMethod: "zstd",
+          toolsVersion: "0.0.0-30260213",
+        } satisfies setupCodeql.CodeQLDownloadSource);
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+test.serial(
+  "getCodeQLSource downloads the combined nightly bundle when not eligible",
+  async (t) => {
+    const expectedTag = "codeql-bundle-30260213";
+    stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
+
+    await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+      setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+      for (const { languages, features } of [
+        { languages: ["java"], features: createFeatures([]) },
+        {
+          languages: ["java", "python"],
+          features: createFeatures([Feature.PerLanguageBundles]),
+        },
+      ]) {
+        const source = await setupCodeql.getCodeQLSource(
+          "nightly",
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          languages,
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          true, // tarSupportsZstd
+          features,
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        );
+
+        t.is(source.sourceType, "download");
+        if (source.sourceType === "download") {
+          t.deepEqual(source.bundle, {
+            kind: "combined",
+            url: `https://github.com/dsp-testing/codeql-cli-nightlies/releases/download/${expectedTag}/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst`,
+          });
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+for (const perLanguageBundles of [false, true]) {
+  test.serial(
+    `getCodeQLSource uses a ${perLanguageBundles ? "per-language" : "combined"} bundle for a forced nightly`,
+    async (t) => {
+      const expectedTag = "codeql-bundle-30260213";
+      const baseURL = `https://github.com/dsp-testing/codeql-cli-nightlies/releases/download/${expectedTag}`;
+      stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir, { GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: "dynamic" });
+        const source = await setupCodeql.getCodeQLSource(
+          undefined, // toolsInput: the nightly is selected by ForceNightly
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          ["java"],
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          true, // tarSupportsZstd
+          createFeatures(
+            perLanguageBundles
+              ? [Feature.ForceNightly, Feature.PerLanguageBundles]
+              : [Feature.ForceNightly],
+          ),
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        );
+
+        t.is(source.sourceType, "download");
+        if (source.sourceType === "download") {
+          const combinedURL = `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst`;
+          t.deepEqual(
+            source.bundle,
+            perLanguageBundles
+              ? {
+                  kind: "per-language",
+                  language: BuiltInLanguage.java,
+                  url: `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst`,
+                  combinedBundleURL: combinedURL,
+                }
+              : { kind: "combined", url: combinedURL },
+          );
+        }
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
 test.serial(
   "getCodeQLSource correctly returns latest version from toolcache when tools == toolcache",
   async (t) => {
@@ -878,6 +1006,439 @@ test.serial(
   },
 );
 
+const PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION = {
+  enabledVersions: [
+    {
+      cliVersion: MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION,
+      tagName: `codeql-bundle-v${MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION}`,
+    },
+  ],
+};
+
+test.serial("getCodeQLBundleName names the per-language bundle", (t) => {
+  sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+  sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+  t.is(
+    setupCodeql.getCodeQLBundleName("zstd", BuiltInLanguage.java),
+    "codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst",
+  );
+  t.is(
+    setupCodeql.getCodeQLBundleName("zstd"),
+    "codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst",
+  );
+});
+
+test.serial("getCodeQLBundleName names the Swift bundle for macOS", (t) => {
+  sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("darwin");
+  t.is(
+    setupCodeql.getCodeQLBundleName("zstd", BuiltInLanguage.swift),
+    "codeql-bundle-swift-osx64.tar.zst",
+  );
+});
+
+test.serial(
+  "getCodeQLSource downloads the per-language bundle for a single explicit language",
+  async (t) => {
+    sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+    sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+    process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+
+    await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+      setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+      const source = await setupCodeql.getCodeQLSource(
+        undefined,
+        PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION,
+        ["java-kotlin"],
+        false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+        SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+        GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+        true, // tarSupportsZstd
+        createFeatures([Feature.PerLanguageBundles]),
+        getRunnerLogger(true),
+      );
+
+      t.is(source.sourceType, "download");
+      if (source.sourceType === "download") {
+        t.true(
+          source.bundle.url.endsWith("/codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst"),
+          `Unexpected URL ${source.bundle.url}`,
+        );
+        t.is(source.bundle.kind, "per-language");
+        if (source.bundle.kind === "per-language") {
+          t.is(source.bundle.language, BuiltInLanguage.java);
+          t.true(
+            source.bundle.combinedBundleURL?.endsWith(
+              "/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst",
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+test.serial(
+  "getCodeQLSource downloads the combined bundle when the feature is disabled",
+  async (t) => {
+    sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+    sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+    process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+
+    await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+      setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+      const source = await setupCodeql.getCodeQLSource(
+        undefined,
+        PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION,
+        ["java"],
+        false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+        SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+        GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+        true, // tarSupportsZstd
+        createFeatures([]),
+        getRunnerLogger(true),
+      );
+
+      t.is(source.sourceType, "download");
+      if (source.sourceType === "download") {
+        t.true(source.bundle.url.endsWith("/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst"));
+        t.is(source.bundle.kind, "combined");
+      }
+    });
+  },
+);
+
+for (const fallback of [false, true]) {
+  test.serial(
+    `setupCodeQLBundle retains the selected release identity for an opaque asset URL${fallback ? " with fallback" : ""}`,
+    async (t) => {
+      sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+      sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+      sinon.stub(actionsUtil, "isRunningLocalAction").returns(false);
+      process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+      sinon.stub(tar, "isZstdAvailable").resolves({
+        available: true,
+        foundZstdBinary: true,
+      });
+      const tag = PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION.enabledVersions[0].tagName;
+      const assetURL =
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/codeql-testing/action-fork/releases/assets/123";
+      const combinedURL = `${assetURL}4`;
+      const fetchRelease = sinon
+        .stub<Parameters<typeof fetch>, ReturnType<typeof fetch>>()
+        .callsFake(
+          async () =>
+            new Response(
+              JSON.stringify({
+                assets: [
+                  { name: "codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst", url: assetURL },
+                  {
+                    name: "codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst",
+                    url: combinedURL,
+                  },
+                ],
+              }),
+              { headers: { "content-type": "application/json" } },
+            ),
+        );
+      const client = github.getOctokit("123", {
+        request: { fetch: fetchRelease },
+      });
+      sinon.stub(api, "getApiClient").value(() => client);
+      const authorizationSpy = sinon.spy(api, "getAuthorizationHeaderFor");
+      const extractStub = stubDownloadAndExtract();
+      if (fallback) {
+        extractStub.onFirstCall().rejects(new HTTPError("Not Found", 404));
+      }
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir, {
+          GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY: "codeql-testing/action-fork",
+        });
+        const result = await setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+          undefined,
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          tmpDir,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION,
+          ["java"],
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          createFeatures([Feature.PerLanguageBundles]),
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        );
+
+        t.true(fetchRelease.calledTwice);
+        t.is(
+          fetchRelease.firstCall.args[0],
+          `https://api.github.com/repos/codeql-testing/action-fork/releases/tags/${tag}`,
+        );
+        t.is(extractStub.callCount, fallback ? 2 : 1);
+        t.is(extractStub.firstCall.args[0], assetURL);
+        t.is(extractStub.lastCall.args[0], fallback ? combinedURL : assetURL);
+        t.is(authorizationSpy.callCount, extractStub.callCount);
+        t.is(authorizationSpy.firstCall.args[2], assetURL);
+        t.is(
+          authorizationSpy.lastCall.args[2],
+          fallback ? combinedURL : assetURL,
+        );
+        t.is(extractStub.lastCall.args[3], "token token");
+        t.is(result.toolsVersion, MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION);
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage,
+          fallback ? undefined : BuiltInLanguage.java,
+        );
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback,
+          fallback ? true : undefined,
+        );
+        if (fallback) {
+          t.is(
+            result.codeqlFolder,
+            toolcache.find("CodeQL", MIN_PER_LANGUAGE_BUNDLE_CLI_VERSION),
+          );
+          t.true(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
+        } else {
+          t.is(path.dirname(result.codeqlFolder), tmpDir);
+          t.deepEqual(toolcache.findAllVersions("CodeQL"), []);
+          t.false(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
+        }
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+for (const bundle of ["per-language", "combined", "fallback"] as const) {
+  test.serial(
+    `setupCodeQLBundle preserves the nightly version for a ${bundle} download`,
+    async (t) => {
+      const expectedDate = "30260213";
+      const expectedTag = `codeql-bundle-${expectedDate}`;
+      const expectedVersion = `0.0.0-${expectedDate}`;
+      const baseURL = `https://github.com/dsp-testing/codeql-cli-nightlies/releases/download/${expectedTag}`;
+      const combinedURL = `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.zst`;
+      const perLanguageURL = `${baseURL}/codeql-bundle-javascript-linux64.tar.zst`;
+      const loggedMessages: LoggedMessage[] = [];
+      const logger = getRecordingLogger(loggedMessages);
+
+      stubHostedNightly(expectedTag);
+      delete process.env[EnvVar.HAS_SET_UP_CODEQL];
+
+      const downloadSpy = sinon.spy(setupCodeql, "downloadCodeQL");
+      const extractStub = stubDownloadAndExtract();
+      if (bundle === "fallback") {
+        extractStub.onFirstCall().rejects(new HTTPError("Not Found", 404));
+      }
+      const addDiagnostic = sinon.stub(diagnostics, "addNoLanguageDiagnostic");
+      const features = createFeatures([
+        Feature.PerLanguageBundles,
+        Feature.CleanupToolcacheBundles,
+      ]);
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+        const result = await setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+          "nightly",
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          tmpDir,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          bundle === "combined" ? ["javascript", "python"] : ["javascript"],
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          features,
+          logger,
+        );
+
+        const source = downloadSpy.firstCall.args[0];
+        t.is(result.toolsVersion, expectedVersion);
+        t.is(result.toolsVersion, source.toolsVersion);
+        t.is(
+          source.bundle.kind,
+          bundle === "combined" ? "combined" : "per-language",
+        );
+        t.is(result.codeqlFolder, extractStub.lastCall.args[2]);
+        t.is(extractStub.callCount, bundle === "fallback" ? 2 : 1);
+        t.is(downloadSpy.callCount, extractStub.callCount);
+        t.is(
+          extractStub.firstCall.args[0],
+          bundle === "combined" ? combinedURL : perLanguageURL,
+        );
+        t.is(
+          extractStub.lastCall.args[0],
+          bundle === "per-language" ? perLanguageURL : combinedURL,
+        );
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage,
+          bundle === "per-language" ? BuiltInLanguage.javascript : undefined,
+        );
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.perLanguageBundleFallback,
+          bundle === "fallback" ? true : undefined,
+        );
+        t.is(
+          addDiagnostic
+            .getCalls()
+            .filter(
+              (call) =>
+                call.args[1].source?.id ===
+                "codeql-action/toolcache-bundle-cleanup",
+            ).length,
+          1,
+        );
+        if (bundle === "fallback") {
+          t.deepEqual(downloadSpy.secondCall.args[0], {
+            ...source,
+            bundle: { kind: "combined", url: combinedURL },
+          });
+          checkExpectedLogMessages(t, loggedMessages, [
+            `No javascript CodeQL bundle was found at ${perLanguageURL}`,
+          ]);
+        }
+        if (bundle === "per-language") {
+          t.is(path.dirname(result.codeqlFolder), tmpDir);
+          t.deepEqual(toolcache.findAllVersions("CodeQL"), []);
+          t.false(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
+        } else {
+          t.is(
+            result.codeqlFolder,
+            toolsDownload.getToolcacheDirectory(expectedVersion),
+          );
+          t.true(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
+
+          const cachedResult = await setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+            "nightly",
+            SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+            tmpDir,
+            GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+            SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+            ["javascript"],
+            false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+            features,
+            logger,
+          );
+          t.is(cachedResult.toolsSource, setupCodeql.ToolsSource.Toolcache);
+          t.is(cachedResult.toolsVersion, expectedVersion);
+          t.is(cachedResult.codeqlFolder, result.codeqlFolder);
+          t.is(extractStub.callCount, bundle === "fallback" ? 2 : 1);
+        }
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+for (const asset of [
+  "codeql-bundle-ruby-linux64.tar.zst",
+  "codeql-bundle-%72uby-linux64.tar.zst",
+]) {
+  test.serial(
+    `setupCodeQLBundle keeps explicitly requested ${asset} out of the toolcache`,
+    async (t) => {
+      const extractStub = stubDownloadAndExtract();
+      const url = `https://github.com/github/codeql-action/releases/download/codeql-bundle-v9.9.9/${asset}`;
+      process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "self-hosted";
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+        const result = await setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+          url,
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          tmpDir,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          undefined, // rawLanguages
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          createFeatures([]),
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        );
+
+        t.true(extractStub.calledOnce);
+        t.is(extractStub.firstCall.args[0], url);
+        t.is(result.toolsVersion, "9.9.9");
+        t.is(
+          result.toolsDownloadStatusReport?.bundleLanguage,
+          BuiltInLanguage.ruby,
+        );
+        t.is(path.dirname(result.codeqlFolder), tmpDir);
+        t.deepEqual(toolcache.findAllVersions("CodeQL"), []);
+        t.false(fs.existsSync(`${result.codeqlFolder}.complete`));
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+for (const error of [
+  new HTTPError("Internal Server Error", 500),
+  new Error("Connection reset"),
+]) {
+  test.serial(
+    `setupCodeQLBundle does not fall back after ${error.message}`,
+    async (t) => {
+      sinon.stub(process, "platform").value("linux");
+      sinon.stub(process, "arch").value("x64");
+      process.env[ActionsEnvVars.RUNNER_ENVIRONMENT] = "github-hosted";
+      sinon.stub(tar, "isZstdAvailable").resolves({
+        available: true,
+        foundZstdBinary: true,
+      });
+      const extractStub = sinon
+        .stub(toolsDownload, "downloadAndExtract")
+        .rejects(error);
+
+      await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+        setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+        await t.throwsAsync(
+          setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+            undefined,
+            SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+            tmpDir,
+            GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+            PER_LANGUAGE_CLI_VERSION,
+            ["java"],
+            false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+            createFeatures([Feature.PerLanguageBundles]),
+            getRunnerLogger(true),
+          ),
+          { is: error },
+        );
+        t.true(extractStub.calledOnce);
+        t.true(
+          extractStub.firstCall.args[0].endsWith(
+            "/codeql-bundle-java-linux64.tar.zst",
+          ),
+        );
+      });
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+test.serial(
+  "setupCodeQLBundle does not substitute a bundle for an explicitly requested one that is missing",
+  async (t) => {
+    const error = new HTTPError("Not Found", 404);
+    const extractStub = sinon
+      .stub(toolsDownload, "downloadAndExtract")
+      .rejects(error);
+
+    await withTmpDir(async (tmpDir) => {
+      setupActionsVars(tmpDir, tmpDir);
+      await t.throwsAsync(
+        setupCodeql.setupCodeQLBundle(
+          "https://github.com/github/codeql-action/releases/download/codeql-bundle-v9.9.9/codeql-bundle-ruby-linux64.tar.zst",
+          SAMPLE_DOTCOM_API_DETAILS,
+          tmpDir,
+          GitHubVariant.DOTCOM,
+          SAMPLE_DEFAULT_CLI_VERSION,
+          undefined, // rawLanguages
+          false, // useOverlayAwareDefaultCliVersion
+          createFeatures([]),
+          getRunnerLogger(true),
+        ),
+        { is: error },
+      );
+
+      t.true(extractStub.calledOnce);
+    });
+  },
+);
+
 test.serial(
   "getEnabledVersionsWithOverlayBaseDatabases returns flag-enabled versions present in cache, sorted desc",
   async (t) => {
diff --git a/src/setup-codeql.ts b/src/setup-codeql.ts
index e5d6a77a9..85639ff93 100644
--- a/src/setup-codeql.ts
+++ b/src/setup-codeql.ts
@@ -30,8 +30,13 @@ import {
   Feature,
   FeatureEnablement,
 } from "./feature-flags";
+import { BuiltInLanguage } from "./languages";
 import { Logger } from "./logging";
 import { getCodeQlVersionsForOverlayBaseDatabases } from "./overlay/caching";
+import {
+  getPerLanguageBundleLanguage,
+  tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl,
+} from "./per-language-bundles";
 import * as tar from "./tar";
 import {
   deleteToolcacheBundles,
@@ -72,21 +77,40 @@ function getCodeQLBundleExtension(
   }
 }
 
+/** Returns the platform component of the CodeQL bundle name for the current platform. */
+export function getBundlePlatform(): string | undefined {
+  switch (process.platform) {
+    case "win32":
+      return "win64";
+    case "linux":
+      return process.arch === "arm64" ? "linux-arm64" : "linux64";
+    case "darwin":
+      return "osx64";
+    default:
+      return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the name of the CodeQL bundle asset to download.
+ *
+ * @param compressionMethod The compression method of the bundle.
+ * @param language If provided, the name of the bundle that contains only this language, rather than
+ * the name of the combined bundle that contains every language.
+ */
 export function getCodeQLBundleName(
   compressionMethod: tar.CompressionMethod,
+  language?: BuiltInLanguage,
 ): string {
   const extension = getCodeQLBundleExtension(compressionMethod);
+  const platform = getBundlePlatform();
 
-  let platform: string;
-  if (process.platform === "win32") {
-    platform = "win64";
-  } else if (process.platform === "linux") {
-    platform = process.arch === "arm64" ? "linux-arm64" : "linux64";
-  } else if (process.platform === "darwin") {
-    platform = "osx64";
-  } else {
+  if (platform === undefined) {
     return `codeql-bundle${extension}`;
   }
+  if (language !== undefined) {
+    return `codeql-bundle-${language}-${platform}${extension}`;
+  }
   return `codeql-bundle-${platform}${extension}`;
 }
 
@@ -107,7 +131,7 @@ export function getCodeQLActionRepository(logger: Logger): string {
 async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
   tagName: string,
   apiDetails: api.GitHubApiDetails,
-  compressionMethod: tar.CompressionMethod,
+  codeQLBundleName: string,
   logger: Logger,
 ): Promise<string> {
   const codeQLActionRepository = getCodeQLActionRepository(logger);
@@ -126,7 +150,6 @@ async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
       return !self.slice(0, index).some((other) => deepEqual(source, other));
     },
   );
-  const codeQLBundleName = getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod);
   for (const downloadSource of uniqueDownloadSources) {
     const [apiURL, repository] = downloadSource;
     // If we've reached the final case, short-circuit the API check since we know the bundle exists and is public.
@@ -216,7 +239,15 @@ export function convertToSemVer(version: string, logger: Logger): string {
 }
 
 /** Describes the contents and location of a downloadable CodeQL bundle. */
-type CodeQLBundle = { kind: "combined"; url: string };
+type CodeQLBundle =
+  | { kind: "combined"; url: string }
+  | {
+      kind: "per-language";
+      url: string;
+      language: BuiltInLanguage;
+      /** Only set when the Action selected the bundle, allowing a same-version fallback. */
+      combinedBundleURL?: string;
+    };
 
 /** A resolved download, including its bundle identity and version. */
 export interface CodeQLDownloadSource {
@@ -467,6 +498,7 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
    * This does not always include a tag name.
    */
   let url: string | undefined;
+  let bundle: CodeQLBundle | undefined;
 
   // We allow forcing the nightly CLI via the FF for `dynamic` events (or in test mode) where the
   // `tools` input cannot be adjusted to explicitly request it.
@@ -475,7 +507,8 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
   const forceNightly = forceNightlyValueFF && canForceNightlyWithFF;
 
   // For advanced workflows, a value from `CODEQL_NIGHTLY_TOOLS_INPUTS` can be specified explicitly
-  // for the `tools` input in the workflow file.
+  // for the `tools` input. This is the computed input, so it may come from the repository property
+  // rather than the workflow file.
   const nightlyRequestedByToolsInput =
     toolsInput !== undefined &&
     CODEQL_NIGHTLY_TOOLS_INPUTS.includes(toolsInput);
@@ -509,7 +542,8 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
         `Using the latest CodeQL CLI nightly, as requested by 'tools: ${toolsInput}'.`,
       );
     }
-    toolsInput = await getNightlyToolsUrl(logger);
+    bundle = await getNightlyBundle(rawLanguages, variant, features, logger);
+    toolsInput = bundle.url;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -738,12 +772,42 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
         ? "zstd"
         : "gzip";
 
-    url = await getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
-      tagName!,
-      apiDetails,
-      compressionMethod,
+    const perLanguageBundleLanguage = await getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+      {
+        rawLanguages,
+        cliVersion,
+        compressionMethod,
+        platform: getBundlePlatform(),
+        variant,
+      },
+      features,
       logger,
     );
+
+    const resolveBundleURL = (language?: BuiltInLanguage) =>
+      getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(
+        tagName!,
+        apiDetails,
+        getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod, language),
+        logger,
+      );
+
+    if (perLanguageBundleLanguage !== undefined) {
+      logger.info(
+        `Downloading the ${perLanguageBundleLanguage} CodeQL bundle, since ${perLanguageBundleLanguage} ` +
+          "is the only language being analyzed.",
+      );
+      url = await resolveBundleURL(perLanguageBundleLanguage);
+      bundle = {
+        kind: "per-language",
+        url,
+        language: perLanguageBundleLanguage,
+        combinedBundleURL: await resolveBundleURL(),
+      };
+    } else {
+      url = await resolveBundleURL();
+      bundle = { kind: "combined", url };
+    }
   } else {
     const method = tar.inferCompressionMethod(url);
     if (method === undefined) {
@@ -753,6 +817,20 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
       );
     }
     compressionMethod = method;
+
+    if (bundle === undefined) {
+      // Explicit per-language URLs must also stay out of the toolcache, but have no fallback.
+      const language = tryGetBundleLanguageFromUrl(url);
+      bundle =
+        language === undefined
+          ? { kind: "combined", url }
+          : { kind: "per-language", url, language };
+    }
+    if (bundle.kind === "per-language") {
+      logger.info(
+        `${url} appears to be a CodeQL bundle that contains only ${bundle.language}.`,
+      );
+    }
   }
 
   if (cliVersion) {
@@ -761,7 +839,7 @@ export async function getCodeQLSource(
     logger.info(`Using CodeQL CLI sourced from ${url} .`);
   }
   return {
-    bundle: { kind: "combined", url },
+    bundle,
     bundleVersion,
     cliVersion,
     compressionMethod,
@@ -841,8 +919,11 @@ export const downloadCodeQL = async function (
     writeToolcacheMarkerFile(toolcacheDestination, logger);
   } else {
     logger.debug(
-      "Could not cache CodeQL tools because we could not determine the bundle version from the " +
-        `URL ${codeqlURL}.`,
+      bundle.kind === "per-language"
+        ? "Not caching the CodeQL tools because they came from a bundle that contains only a " +
+            "single language."
+        : "Could not cache CodeQL tools because we could not determine the bundle version from the " +
+            `URL ${codeqlURL}.`,
     );
   }
 
@@ -860,7 +941,8 @@ function getToolcacheDestination(
   source: CodeQLDownloadSource,
   logger: Logger,
 ): string | undefined {
-  if (!source.bundleVersion) {
+  // Per-language bundles must not be stored in the toolcache.
+  if (source.bundle.kind !== "combined" || !source.bundleVersion) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
@@ -1046,6 +1128,9 @@ export async function setupCodeQLBundle(
 /**
  * Performs eligible toolcache cleanup once, then downloads and extracts the resolved bundle.
  *
+ * If `source` refers to a bundle for a single language and that bundle turns out not to exist, this
+ * falls back to downloading the combined bundle.
+ *
  * @returns The extraction directory and download timings.
  */
 export async function downloadCodeQLBundle(
@@ -1058,14 +1143,60 @@ export async function downloadCodeQLBundle(
   codeqlFolder: string;
   statusReport: ToolsDownloadStatusReport;
 }> {
+  const { bundle } = source;
+  const { logger } = action;
+
   await tryDeleteToolcacheBundles(action);
-  return await downloadCodeQL(
-    source,
-    apiDetails,
-    tarVersion,
-    tempDir,
-    action.logger,
-  );
+
+  try {
+    const result = await downloadCodeQL(
+      source,
+      apiDetails,
+      tarVersion,
+      tempDir,
+      logger,
+    );
+    return bundle.kind === "combined"
+      ? result
+      : {
+          ...result,
+          statusReport: {
+            ...result.statusReport,
+            bundleLanguage: bundle.language,
+          },
+        };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (
+      bundle.kind !== "per-language" ||
+      bundle.combinedBundleURL === undefined ||
+      util.asHTTPError(e)?.status !== 404
+    ) {
+      throw e;
+    }
+    logger.warning(
+      `No ${bundle.language} CodeQL bundle was found at ${bundle.url}, so ` +
+        "falling back to the bundle that contains all languages. This analysis will still " +
+        "produce correct results, but will take longer to set up.",
+    );
+
+    const result = await downloadCodeQL(
+      {
+        ...source,
+        bundle: { kind: "combined", url: bundle.combinedBundleURL },
+      },
+      apiDetails,
+      tarVersion,
+      tempDir,
+      logger,
+    );
+    return {
+      ...result,
+      statusReport: {
+        ...result.statusReport,
+        perLanguageBundleFallback: true,
+      },
+    };
+  }
 }
 
 async function useZstdBundle(
@@ -1084,10 +1215,13 @@ function getTempExtractionDir(tempDir: string) {
   return path.join(tempDir, uuidV4());
 }
 
-/**
- * Get the URL of the latest nightly CodeQL bundle.
- */
-async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger: Logger) {
+/** Selects a bundle from the latest nightly, with a same-release fallback when applicable. */
+async function getNightlyBundle(
+  rawLanguages: string[] | undefined,
+  variant: util.GitHubVariant,
+  features: FeatureEnablement,
+  logger: Logger,
+): Promise<CodeQLBundle> {
   const zstdAvailability = await tar.isZstdAvailable(logger);
   // The nightly is guaranteed to have a zstd bundle
   const compressionMethod = (await useZstdBundle(
@@ -1097,6 +1231,19 @@ async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger: Logger) {
     ? "zstd"
     : "gzip";
 
+  const language = await getPerLanguageBundleLanguage(
+    {
+      rawLanguages,
+      cliVersion: undefined,
+      compressionMethod,
+      platform: getBundlePlatform(),
+      variant,
+      isNightly: true,
+    },
+    features,
+    logger,
+  );
+
   try {
     // Since nightlies are prereleases, we can't just download the latest release
     // on the repository. So instead we need to find the latest pre-release
@@ -1112,7 +1259,17 @@ async function getNightlyToolsUrl(logger: Logger) {
     if (!latestRelease) {
       throw new Error("Could not find the latest nightly release.");
     }
-    return `https://github.com/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_OWNER}/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_NAME}/releases/download/${latestRelease.tag_name}/${getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod)}`;
+    const assetUrl = (name: string) =>
+      `https://github.com/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_OWNER}/${CODEQL_NIGHTLIES_REPOSITORY_NAME}/releases/download/${latestRelease.tag_name}/${name}`;
+    const url = assetUrl(getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod, language));
+    return language === undefined
+      ? { kind: "combined", url }
+      : {
+          kind: "per-language",
+          url,
+          language,
+          combinedBundleURL: assetUrl(getCodeQLBundleName(compressionMethod)),
+        };
   } catch (e) {
     throw new Error(
       `Failed to retrieve the latest nightly release: ${util.wrapError(e)}`,
diff --git a/src/status-report.ts b/src/status-report.ts
index a2acd631d..820b1c210 100644
--- a/src/status-report.ts
+++ b/src/status-report.ts
@@ -645,6 +645,13 @@ export interface InitToolsDownloadFields {
    * Whether the relevant tools dotcom feature flags have been misconfigured.
    * Only populated if we attempt to determine the default version based on the dotcom feature flags. */
   tools_feature_flags_valid?: boolean;
+  /** The language of the single-language bundle that was downloaded, if any. */
+  tools_bundle_language?: string;
+  /**
+   * Whether we tried to download a single-language bundle, but it did not exist and we fell back to
+   * the combined bundle.
+   */
+  tools_per_language_bundle_fallback?: boolean;
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/tools-download.ts b/src/tools-download.ts
index 222a18cd9..f7b0a708c 100644
--- a/src/tools-download.ts
+++ b/src/tools-download.ts
@@ -54,6 +54,13 @@ export type ToolsDownloadStatusReport = {
    * spent on a streaming attempt that failed and fell back to downloading before extracting.
    */
   totalDurationMs: number;
+  /** The language of the single-language bundle that was downloaded, if any. */
+  bundleLanguage?: string;
+  /**
+   * Whether we tried to download a single-language bundle, but it did not exist and we fell back to
+   * the combined bundle.
+   */
+  perLanguageBundleFallback?: boolean;
 };
 
 export async function downloadAndExtract(